Ribosomes and thousands of mRNAs are localized near synapses to support local protein synthesis. Little is known, however, about how ribosomes are positioned and maintained in dendritic spines- the primary postsynaptic sites of excitatory neurotransmission. Here, using proximity labeling-mass spectrometry, we mapped the interactome of postsynaptic ribosomes, and discovered an unexpected interaction with AMPA receptor complex proteins. Co-immunoprecipitation and crosslinking mass spectrometry using rat cortical synaptosomes showed a direct, mRNA-independent interaction between postsynaptic proteins and intact ribosomes. Immunoprecipitation-ribosome profiling (IP-Ribo-seq) revealed not only the complete synaptic translatome but also that the AMPA receptor-associated subpopulation of synaptic ribosomes preferentially translates mRNAs encoding proteins related to post-synaptic density (PSD) scaffolding and cytoskeletal dynamics. Translation of one of the mRNA targets, Camk2a, was reduced in spines following ER sequestration of endogenous GluA1. Together, these results reveal a role for PSD proteins in positioning ribosomes near the postsynaptic membrane, providing a mechanism to couple synaptic activity with the local production of proteins needed for structural remodeling.